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Title: Dental Anthropology: Fundamentals, Limits, and Prospects
Author(s): Kurt W. Alt, Friedrich W. Rösing and Maria Teschler-Nicola
Publisher: Springer-Verlag, Vienna
ISBN: ISBN-13: 978-3-211-82974-5
ISBN-10: 3-211-82974-1
Library of Congress:

About the Author(s)

Dr. Kurt W. Alt is a Privat-Dozent (private lecturer) in the Department of Human Genetics and Anthropology of University of Freiburg in Freiburg, Germany. Dr. Friedrich W. Rösing is a Univ.-Prof. (professor) in the Department of Human Genetics and Anthropology at the University of Ulm in Ulm, Germany. Dr. Maria Teschler-Nicola is a Univ.-Dozent (lecturer) in the Department of Anthropology of the Museum of Natural History in Vienna, Austria.

Forword
Shelley Saunders

This book offers a welcome diversity of topics covering the broader subjects of teeth and the study of teeth by anthropologists. There is an impressive array of coverage here including the history of anthropological study of the teeth, morphology and structure, pathology and epidemiology, the relationship between nutrition, human behavior and the dentition, age and sex estimation from teeth, and geographic and genetic variation. Most chapter authors have provided thorough reviews of their subjects along with examples of recent analytical work and recommendations for future research. North American researchers should particularly appreciate the access to an extensive European literature cited in the individual chapter bibliographies. Physical anthropologists with even a passing interest in dental research should greet the publication of this book with pleasure since it adds to a growing list of books on how the study of teeth can tell us so much about past human populations.

In addition to the archaeological applications, there is the forensic objective of dental anthropology which the editors refer to in their introduction which is dealt with in this volume. The chapters dealing with methods of sex determination, age estimation of juveniles and age estimation of adults using the teeth are exhaustive and exacting and of critical importance to both “osteoarchaeologists” and forensic anthropologists. Authors Liversidge, Herdeg and Rösing provide very clear guidelines for the use of dental formation standards in juvenile age estimation, recommendations that are so obviously necessary at this time. Authors Rösing and Kvaal point out that histological and chemical techniques of adult age estimation must now be part of standard practice, both for forensic work and archaeological samples. I agree with them. Rapid methods of sample processing and data collection by image analysis are widely available in industry. They should also be more easily available to anthropologists. The chapters by Teschler-Nicola and Pros singer grapple with a variety of mathematical approaches to using tooth size for sex determination, particularly for juvenile skeletons producing some interesting and informative results. Forensic workers can now almost routinely use DNA sex determination for their cases. Those working with archaeological samples are hampered by technological and financial barriers. It is possible to foresee that the next important study on sex determination in juvenile skeletons will include a comparison of documented sex, dental size and DNA determinations. Multiple methods of identification are always better than single methods.

Traditionally, biological anthropology has been concerned with the documentation of human physical variation and its relevance to population relationships and evolutionary trends. These topics are also dealt with in this book. But some of the contributing authors identify the persistence of certain disturbing problems, notably, variability created by inter-observer error and methodological idiosyncracies (see chapters by Schnutenhaus and Rösing and Alt and Vach). I perceive that books like this one can act as catalysts for an increase in major collaborative studies, where a number of dental anthropolgists work together to collect, collate and analyze major bodies of data. Perhaps in this way we can effectively answer some of the sweeping questions about diet, health and behavior throughout human evolutionary history that characterize our discipline.

Forword
Trinette Constandse-Westermann

It is a great honour and pleasure to be asked to write a foreword to this volume, presenting the state of the art of the physical anthropology of teeth and their surrounding tissues.

When teaching physical anthropology, the dentition is one of the most informative parts of excavated human skeletons, and the understanding to be derived from it relates to a number of different domains. Dentitions are sources of insight into aspects of human phylogeny (evolutionary studies of dental morphology) and anatomy/histology (investigations of gross and microscopic dental structure). They also inform us about individual physical development and, later in life, wear and degeneration (dental development and eruption, dental attrition). Some aspects of human genetics can be elucidated by the study of specific morphological dental traits, whose (partly) hereditary nature can be assessed in the living and thereafter be used in the interpretation of studies of the deceased. Dental pathology comprises a large number of disorders, e.g. caries periapical lesions, ante mortem tooth loss, parodontal disease, calculus and hypoplasia. Finally, aspects of human culture and behaviour can be revealed by the analysis of human dental remains, e.g. the filing of teeth, pipe smoking, dental restoration and occupational hazards. All the foregoing is illustrated in the presented work.

Due to the durability of teeth in their archaeological context, dental analyses also contribute to our insights into processes transpiring at the population level, e.g. demographical studies wherein the dental analysis forms the basis of the age estimations. The occurrence of measurable levels of dental disease in the majority of pre- and/or protohistoric populations lifts most studies of the pathology of teeth, including the tissues around them, above the level of case studies and enables the researcher to perform palaeo-epidemiological analyses. Especially in Section 4 of this work the problems relating to the epidemiology of dental (and other) diseases have been treated.

In addition, the relatively frequent occurrence of teeth in cemetery contexts creates the possibility to go beyond the purely biological interpretation of the data extracted from these human remains. The integrated analysis of dental and other, independently assessed, cultural/archaeological data offers a number of possibilities to gain insight in pre- and/or protohistoric social or socio-economic processes. The study of enamel hypoplasia not only indicates at which specific age each individual was subjected to dietary or pathological stress, but also the archaeological data may make it possible to relate such stress to the age of weaning or to (changes in) dietary patterns. The occurrence of hereditary traits in teeth may be linked to cemetery data, i.e. the placement of the grave within the graveyard, grave structure, grave goods, the treatment of the body of the deceased and its position within the grave. By the integrated analysis of the physical anthropological (dental) and the archeological (cemetery) data sets, possible familial and/or lineage relationships and pattering may be revealed or at least may be ascribed a certain degree of probability. Also the study of social stratification from cemetery or other archeological data may be supported by dental analyses. Observed differences in the level of infectious (dental) disease may be related to differences in dietary patterns and/or occupational stress between hierarchically structured social groups. Especially in relatively simple prehistoric societies, without or with only a minor level of labour specialization, the execution of sex/gender specific tasks may be revealed by the joint analysis of dental, skeletal and archeological data. Social and/or ethnic information may be derived from the analysis of specific intentional treatments of the teeth, e.g. filing.

In all the foregoing fields of research, the data on teeth often surpass other skeletal data in their usefulness. However, studies fully and fruitfully integrating dental and other physical anthropological data on the one hand and cultural/ archeological information on the other, are still scarce in the scientific literature. It is through this sort of cultural and biological processes transpiring in pre- and protohistoric societies will become clearer. This book constitutes a firm platform for the continuing integration of the biological (dental) and the cultural/archeological research paradigms.

Contents

Foreword Shelley Saunders ......................................................................................................... IX Foreword Trinette Constandse-Westermann............................................................................... XI Contributors ...............................................................................................................................XIII 2. Teeth in History..........................................................................................................................5 2.1 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Weimar, and Dental Anthropology: Kurt W. Alt ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.2 The History of Dental Anthropology: Kurt W. Alt, C. Loring Brace, and Jens C. Türp ..............................................................15 2.3 Roll Call: Thirty-Two White Horses on a Red Field. The Advantages of the FDI Two-Digit System of Designating Teeth: Kurt W. Alt and Jens C. Türp ...........................................................................................41 2.4 A Recently Discovered Etruscan Dental Bridgework: Maria Teschler-Nicola, Michaela Kneissel, Franz Brandstätter, and Hermann Prossinger .........................................................................................................57 3. Dental Morphology, Structure, and Evolution......................................................................... 69 3.1 Anatomy and Morphology of Human Teeth: Jens C. Türp and Kurt W. Alt ...........................................................................................71 3.2 Hereditary Dental Anomalies: Kurt W. Alt and Jens C. Türp ..........................................95 3.3 Micromorphological Features of Human Dental Enamel: Ralf J. Radlanski .............................................................................................................129 3.4 The Temporomandibular Joint: Aleš Obrez and Jens C. Türp .......................................147 3.5 The Maxillary Sinus of Extant Catarrhine Primates: Thomas Koppe and Hiroshi Nagai .................................................................................167 3.6 Current Aspects of Dental Research in Paleoanthropology: Winfried Henke ..............................................................................................................179 4. Dental Pathology and Epidemiology......................................................................................201 4.1 Caries—Ancient Plague of Humankind: Peter Caselitz ..................................................203 4.2 Periodontal Diseases—Etiology, Classification, and Diagnosis: Thomas F. Strohm and Kurt W. Alt ...............................................................................227 4.3 Periapical Lesions—Clinical and Anthropological Aspects Kurt W. Alt, Jens C. Türp, and Rüdiger Wächter............................................................247 4.4 Paleopathological Evidence of Jaw Tumors: Eugen Strouhal ........................................277 4.5 Enamel Hypoplasias in Archaeological Skeletal Remains Michael Schultz, Petra Carli-Thiele, Tyede H. Schmidt-Schultz, Uwe Kierdorf, Horst Kierdorf, Wolf-Rüdiger Teegen, and Kerstin Kreutz.......................................................................................................... 293 5. Nutrition and Human Behaviour ...................................................... .....................................313 5.1 Diet and Nutrition in Prehistoric Central Europe: Hermann Prossinger and Christoph Willms....................................................................315 5.2 “Archives of Childhood”—The Research Potential of Trace Element Analyses of Ancient Human Dental Enamel: Gisela Grupe................................ ............................................337 5.3 Gross Dental Wear and Dental Microwear in Historical Perspective: Jerome C. Rose and Peter S. Ungar ............................................................................... 349 5.4 Artificial Modifications on Human Teeth: Kurt W. Alt and Sandra L. Pichler .................................................................................387 6 Age and Sex Estimation .................................................................................. .......................417 6.1 Dental Age Estimation of Non-Adults. A Review of Methods and Principles: Helen M. Liversidge, Berthold Herdeg, and Friedrich W. Rösing................................................. 419 6.2 Dental Age in Adults—A Review of Estimation Methods: Friedrich W. Rösing and Sigrid I. Kvaal ....................................................................... 443 6.3 Degeneration in Dental Hard Tissues and Pulp: Tore Solheim ......................................469 6.4 Sex Determination Using Tooth Dimensions: Maria Teschler-Nicola and Hermann Prossinger........................................................... 479 6.5 The Reconstruction of Missing Tooth Dimensions as a Prerequisite for Sex Determination Hermann Prossinger............................................................................... 501 7 Geographical and Familial Tooth Variation.................................. ..........................................519 7.1 World Variation of Tooth Size: Sigmar Schnutenhaus and Friedrich W. Rösing..........521 7.2 Kinship Studies in Skeletal Remains—Concepts and Examples: Kurt W. Alt and Wemer Vach .......................................................................................537 Index...........................................................................................................................................555