| Title: | Detecting Forgery |
| Author(s): | Joe Nickell |
| Publisher: |
The University Press of Kentucky 663 South Limestone Street Lexington KY 40508-4008 |
| Copyright: | © 1996 |
| ISBN: |
ISBN-13: 978-0-8131-1953-3 ISBN-10: 0-8131-1953-7 |
| Library of Congress: |
About the Author(s)
Joe Nickell, a former investigator for a world-famous detective agency, is the author of several books, including Camera Clues and Pen, Ink, and Evidence, and is Senior Research Fellow at the Center for Inquiry in Amherst, New York.
Inside Front Cover
Clifford Irving’s “autobiography” of Howard Hughes. Han Van Meegeren’s brilliant reproductions of Jan Vermeer’s seventeenth-century paintings. The sensational Mormon papers of document dealer Mark Hoffman. All were important discoveries—until, that is, the tools of forensic investigation revealed each to be a remarkable work of forgery that would send the worlds of literature, art, and history reeling.
In a book that’s as difficult to put down as a good mystery, Joe Nickell explores the world of questioned documents. He reveals the mission of forensic sleuths and their often nearly impossible tasks: to detect forged handwritings, uncover alterations in documents, and identify the authorship of disputed or anonymous writings—to use the eye and the tools of science to make evident the often imperceptible and to expose the cunning art of the forger.
Detecting Forgery covers the essential aspects of forensic document examination and illuminates the scientific with historical information on famous forgers, as well as captivating case; studies and numerous illustrations from the author’s own files, explaining how forgers ply their nefarious trade and how document examiners uncover the subtly clever deceptions. This enlightening book focuses primarily on documents yet provides considerable information on uncovering forged prints, paintings, and other works of art. Nickell reveals the complete arsenal of forensic techniques used in uncovering forgeries of modern as well as historical documents and provides an invaluable source for collectors and dealers, professional document examiners, archivists, and historians.
Contents
Acknowledgments vii
Introduction 1
PART ONE: Handwriting
1. The Written Word 7; Evolution of Handwriting 7; Graphology versus Science 17; The Forensic Approach 20
2. Examining Handwriting and Typewriting 25; Class versus Individual Characteristics 25; Examplars and Standards 29; Identification Factors 35; Handwriting Comparison 42; Disguised Writing and Printing 48; Illegibility and Decipherment 50; Typewriting and Other Mechanical Forms 53
3. Forged Writing 59; The Forger’s Techniques 59; Warning Signs of Forgery 65; Detecting Non-forgery Fakes 78
PART TWO: Additional Aspects
4. A Multi-Evidential Approach 95; Provenance 99; Internal Evidence 102; Writing Materials 108; Scientific Analyses 122
5. Macroscopic and Microscopic Study 127; Macroscopy 127; Microscopy 145; Photography 152
6. Spectral Techniques 154; Ultraviolet Light 155; Infrared Radiation 160; Laser Technology 166; Photographic Processes 170
7. Chemical and Instrumental Tests 177; Chemical Tests 178; Instrumental Analyses 185
Notes 196
Recommended Works 215
Index 220